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Down Load FSHost Client for FSX Down Load TeamSpeak client !!! Down Load Asteriods Next Generation !!! |
A- Alpha
(Al-fah) ∙ −
N- November
(No-vem-ber)
− ∙ B- Bravo
(Brah-voh)
− ∙ ∙ ∙
O- Oscar
(Oss-cah) − − − C- Charlie (Char-lee) − ∙ − ∙
P- Papa
(Pah-pah)
∙ − − ∙ (Shar-Lee)
Q- Quebec
(Keh-beck) − − ∙ − D- Delta
(Dell-tah) − ∙
∙
R- Romeo
(Row-me-oh) ∙ − ∙ E- Echo
(Eck-oh) ∙
S- Sierra
(See-air-ah) ∙ ∙ ∙ F- Foxtrot (Foks-trot)
∙
∙ − ∙
T- Tango
(Tang-oh)
− G- Golf
(Golf) − − ∙
U- Uniform
(You-nee-form) ∙ ∙
− H- Hotel
(Hoh-tell) ∙
∙ ∙ ∙
(Oo-nee-form) I- India
(In-dee-ah) ∙ ∙
V- Victor
(Vik-tah) ∙ ∙ ∙
− J- Juliett
(Jew-lee-ett)
∙ − − −
W-
Wiskey
(Wiss-key)
∙ − − K- Kilo
(Key-loh) − ∙ −
X- X-ray
(Ecks-ray) − ∙ ∙
− L- Lima
(Lee-mah) ∙ − ∙ ∙
Y- Yankee
(Yang-kee) − ∙ − − M- Mike
(Mike) − −
Z- Zulu
(Zoo-loo) − −
∙ ∙ Definition of terms A ABEAM – An aircraft is “abeam” a fix, point or object when that
fix, point or object is 90 degrees to the right or left of the aircraft track. ABSOLUTE ALTITUDE - Actual Height above the surface of the Earth, either land
or water. ABSOLUTE CEILING – The altitude where a particular airplane’s climb rate
reached zero. ACCELERATE-GO DISTANCE—The distance required to accelerate to V1 with all engines at
takeoff power, experience an engine failure at V1 and continues the takeoff on
the remaining engine(s). The runway required includes the distance required to
climb to 35 feet by which time V2 speed must be attained. ACKNOWLEDGE – Let me know if you received my message. ACTIVE RUNWAY– Any runway or runways currently being used for takeoff and
landing. ADF
– Automatic Direction Finder ADVISE INTENSIONS – Tell me what you lan
to do.
AIR DENSITY – The density of the air in terms of
mass per unit volume. The
density of air decreases with altitude above the surface of the Earth and
increasing temperature. AIR ROUTE TRAFFIC
CONTROL CENTER (ARTCC) – A facility established to provide
air traffic control service to aircraft operating on IFR flight plans. AILERONS—Primary flight control surfaces
mounted on the trailing edge of an airplane wing, near the tip. Ailerons control
roll about the longitudinal axis. AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY— A publication
designed primarily as a pilot’s operational manual containing all airports,
seaplane bases, and heliports open to the public including communications data,
navigational facilities, and certain special notices and procedures. ALTIMETER—A flight
instrument that indicates altitude by sensing pressure changes. ALTITUDE (AGL)—The
actual height above ground level (AGL) at which the aircraft is flying. ALTITUDE (MSL)—The
actual height above mean sea level (MSL) at which the aircraft is flying. ATTITUDE INDICATOR— An
instrument which uses an artificial horizon and miniature airplane to depict the
position of the airplane in relation to the true horizon. The attitude indicator
senses roll as well as pitch, which is the up and down movement of the
airplane’s nose. ATTITUDE— The
position of an aircraft as determined by the relationship of its axes and a
reference, usually the earth’s horizon. AUTOPILOT—An
automatic flight control system which keeps an aircraft in level flight or on a
set course. Automatic pilots can be directed by the pilot, or they may be
coupled to a radio navigation signal. B BALKED LANDING— A go-around. BEST ANGLE OF CLIMB (VX)— The speed at
which the aircraft will produce the most gain in altitude in a given distance. BEST GLIDE—The
airspeed in which the aircraft glides the furthest for the least altitude lost
when in non-powered flight. BEST RATE OF CLIMB (VY)— The speed at
which the aircraft will produce the most gain in altitude in the least amount of
time. BUFFETING—The beating of an aerodynamic
structure or surface by unsteady flow, gusts, etc.; the irregular shaking or
oscillation of a vehicle component owing to turbulent air or separated flow. C COMMON TRAFFIC ADVISORY FREQUENCY—The common frequency used by airport traffic to announce
position reports in the vicinity of the airport. CONVENTIONAL LANDING GEAR—Landing gear employing a third
rear-mounted wheel. These airplanes are also sometimes referred to as tailwheel airplanes. COWL FLAPS—Devices arranged around certain
air-cooled engine cowlings which may be opened or closed to regulate the flow of
air around the engine. CRAB—A flight condition in which the
nose of the airplane is pointed into the wind a sufficient amount to counteract
a crosswind and maintain a desired track over the ground. CRITICAL ALTITUDE— The
maximum altitude under standard atmospheric conditions at which a turbocharged
engine can produce its rated horsepower. CRITICAL ANGLE OF ATTACK—The angle of attack at which a wing stalls regardless of
airspeed, flight attitude, or weight. D DENSITY ALTITUDE— This
altitude is pressure altitude corrected for variations from standard
temperature. When conditions are standard, pressure altitude and density
altitude are the same. If the temperature is above standard, the density
altitude is higher than pressure altitude. If the temperature is below standard,
the density altitude is lower than pressure altitude. This is an important
altitude because it is directly related to the airplane’s performance. DEWPOINT—The
temperature at which air can hold no more water. DITCHING—Emergency
landing in water. DRAG—An
aerodynamic force on a body acting parallel and opposite to the relative wind. The resistance of the atmosphere to the relative motion of an
aircraft. Drag opposes thrust and limits the speed of the airplane. DRIFT ANGLE—Angle between heading and track. E ELEVATOR— The
horizontal, movable primary control surface in the tail section, or empennage,
of an airplane. The elevator is hinged to the trailing edge of the fixed
horizontal stabilizer. EMPENNAGE—The
section of the airplane that consists of the vertical stabilizer, the horizontal
stabilizer, and the associated control surfaces. EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE (EGT)—The temperature of the exhaust gases as they leave the
cylinders of a reciprocating engine or the turbine section of a turbine engine. F FEATHERING PROPELLER (FEATHERED)—A controllable pitch propeller with a pitch range sufficient
to allow the blades to be turned parallel to the line of flight to reduce drag
and prevent further damage to an engine that has been shut down after a
malfunction. FIXATION— A
psychological condition where the pilot fixes attention on a single source of
information and ignores all other sources. FIXED-PITCH PROPELLERS— Propellers
with fixed blade angles. Fixed-pitch propellers are designed as climb
propellers, cruise propellers, or standard propellers. FLAPS—Hinged
portion of the trailing edge between the ailerons and fuselage. In some
aircraft, ailerons and flaps are interconnected to produce full-span “flaperons.” In either case, flaps change the lift and drag
on the wing. FLIGHT DIRECTOR—An automatic flight control
system in which the commands needed to fly the airplane are electronically
computed and displayed on a flight instrument. The commands are followed by the
human pilot with manual control inputs or, in the case of an autopilot system,
sent to servos that move the flight controls. FLOATING—A condition
when landing where the airplane does not settle to the runway due to excessive
airspeed. FORWARD SLIP—A slip
in which the airplane’s direction of motion continues the same as before the
slip was begun. In a forward slip, the airplane’s longitudinal axis is at an
angle to its flight path. FUSELAGE—The
section of the airplane that consists of the cabin and/or cockpit, containing
seats for the occupants and the controls for the airplane. G GLIDE RATIO—The
ratio between distance traveled and altitude lost during non-powered flight. GLIDEPATH—The
path of an aircraft relative to the ground while approaching a landing. GLOBAL POSITION SYSTEM (GPS)—A
satellite-based radio positioning, navigation, and time-transfer system. GO-AROUND— Terminating
a landing approach. GROUNDSPEED (GS)—The actual speed of
the airplane over the ground. It is true airspeed adjusted for wind. Groundspeed
decreases with a headwind, and increases with a tailwind. GROUND TRACK—The
aircraft’s path over the ground when in flight. H HEADING—The
direction in which the nose of the aircraft is pointing during flight. HEADING BUG—A marker
on the heading indicator that can be rotated to a specific heading for reference
purposes, or to command an autopilot to fly that heading. HEADING INDICATOR— An
instrument which senses airplane movement and displays heading based on a 360º
azimuth, with the final zero omitted. The heading indicator, also called a
directional gyro, is fundamentally a mechanical instrument designed to
facilitate the use of the magnetic compass. The heading indicator is not
affected by the forces that make the magnetic compass difficult to interpret. HIGH
PERFORMANCE AIRCRAFT—An aircraft with an engine of more than
200 horsepower. HORIZON—The
line of sight boundary between the earth and the sky. I IFR (INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES)—Rules that
govern the procedure for conducting flight in weather conditions below VFR
weather minimums. The term “IFR” also is used to define weather conditions and
the type of flight plan under which an aircraft is operating. INCLINOMETER—An
instrument consisting of a curved glass tube, housing a glass ball, and damped
with a fluid similar to kerosene. It may be used to indicate inclination, as a
level, or, as used in the turn indicators, to show the relationship between
gravity and centrifugal force in a turn. INDICATED AIRSPEED (IAS)— The direct
instrument reading obtained from the airspeed indicator, uncorrected for
variations in atmospheric density, installation error, or instrument error.
Manufacturers use this airspeed as the basis for determining airplane
performance. Takeoff, landing, and stall speeds listed in the AFM or POH are
indicated airspeeds and do not normally vary with altitude or temperature. INDICATED ALTITUDE— The
altitude read directly from the altimeter (uncorrected) when it is set to the
current altimeter setting. INERTIA—The
opposition which a body offers to a change of motion. INITIAL CLIMB—This
stage of the climb begins when the airplane leaves the ground, and a pitch
attitude has
been established to climb away from the takeoff area. J K L LEADING EDGE—The
part of an airfoil that meets the airflow first. LEADING EDGE FLAP— A portion of the leading edge of
an airplane wing that folds downward to increase the camber, lift, and drag of
the wing. The leading-edge flaps are extended for takeoffs and landings to
increase the amount of aerodynamic lift that is produced at any given airspeed. LIFT—One of
the four main forces acting on an aircraft. On a fixed-wing aircraft, an upward
force created by the effect of airflow as it passes over and under the wing. LIFT COEFFICIENT— A coefficient
representing the lift of a given airfoil. Lift coefficient is obtained by
dividing the lift by the free-stream dynamic pressure and the representative
area under consideration. LIFT/DRAG RATIO— The
efficiency of an airfoil section. It is the ratio of the coefficient of lift to
the coefficient of drag for any given angle of attack. LIFT-OFF—The act of becoming airborne as a
result of the wings lifting the airplane off the ground, or the pilot rotating
the nose up, increasing the angle of attack to start a climb. M MACH—Speed relative to the speed of
sound. Mach 1 is the speed of sound. MACH BUFFET— Airflow
separation behind a shock-wave pressure barrier caused by airflow over flight
surfaces exceeding the speed of sound. MACH COMPENSATING DEVICE—A device to alert the pilot of inadvertent excursions beyond
its certified maximum operating speed. MACH CRITICAL—The MACH speed
at which some portion of the airflow over the wing first equals MACH 1.0. This is also
the speed at which a shock wave first appears on the airplane. MACH TUCK—A condition that can occur when operating a swept-wing
airplane in the transonic speed range. A shock wave could form in the root
portion of the wing and cause the air behind it to separate. This shock-induced
separation causes the center of pressure to move aft. This, combined with the
increasing amount of nose down force at higher speeds to maintain left flight,
causes the nose to “tuck.” If not corrected, the airplane could enter a steep,
sometimes unrecoverable dive. MAGNETIC COMPASS—A
device for determining direction measured from magnetic north. MAIN GEAR—The
wheels of an aircraft’s landing gear that supports the major part of the
aircraft’s weight. MANEUVERABILITY—Ability of an aircraft to change
directions along a flight path and withstand the stresses imposed upon it. MANEUVERING SPEED (VA) — The maximum speed where full, abrupt control movement can be
used without overstressing the airframe. MANIFOLD PRESSURE (MP)— The absolute
pressure of the fuel/air mixture within the intake manifold, usually indicated
in inches of mercury. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE TAKEOFF POWER—The maximum power an engine is allowed to develop for a
limited period of time; usually about one minute. MINIMUM CONTROLLABLE AIRSPEED—An airspeed at
which any further increase in angle of attack, increase in load factor, or
reduction in power, would result in an immediate stall. MIXTURE—The
ratio of fuel to air entering the engine’s cylinders. MUSHING—A
flight condition caused by slow speed where the control surfaces are marginally
effective. N N1, N2, N3—Spool speed expressed in percent
rpm. N1 on a turboprop is the gas producer speed. N1 on a turbofan or turbojet
engine is the fan speed or low pressure spool speed. N2 is the high pressure
spool speed on engine with 2 spools and medium pressure spool on engines with 3
spools with N3 being the high pressure spool. O OVERBOOST—A
condition in which a reciprocating engine has exceeded the maximum manifold
pressure allowed by the manufacturer. Can cause damage to
engine components. OVERSPEED—A
condition in which an engine has produced more r.p.m.
than the manufacturer recommends, or a condition in which the actual engine
speed is higher than the desired engine speed as set on the propeller control. OVERTEMP—A
condition in which a device has reached a temperature above that approved by the
manufacturer or any exhaust temperature that exceeds the maximum allowable for a
given operating condition or time limit. Can cause internal
damage to an engine. OVERTORQUE—A condition in which an engine
has produced more torque (power) than the manufacturer recommends, or a
condition in a turboprop or turboshaft engine where
the engine power has exceeded the maximum allowable for a given operating
condition or time limit. Can cause internal damage to an
engine. P P-FACTOR—A tendency for an aircraft to yaw
to the left due to the descending propeller blade on the right producing more
thrust than the ascending blade on the left. This occurs when the aircraft’s
longitudinal axis is in a climbing attitude in relation to the relative wind.
The P-factor would be to the right if the aircraft had a counterclockwise
rotating propeller. PILOT’S OPERATING HANDBOOK (POH)—A document
developed by the airplane manufacturer and contains the FAA approved Airplane
Flight Manual (AFM) information. PITCH—The
rotation of an airplane about its lateral axis, or on a propeller, the blade
angle as measured from plane of rotation. PIVOTAL ALTITUDE—A specific altitude at which,
when an airplane turns at a given groundspeed, a projecting of the sighting
reference line to a selected point on the ground will appear to pivot on that
point. PORPOISING— Oscillating
around the lateral axis of the aircraft during landing. POSITION LIGHTS— Lights on an aircraft consisting
of a red light on the left wing, a green light on the right wing, and a white
light on the tail. CFRs require that these lights be displayed in flight from
sunset to sunrise. POWER LEVER—The
cockpit lever connected to the fuel control unit for scheduling fuel flow to the
combustion chambers of a turbine engine. POWER—Implies work rate or units of
work per unit of time, and as such, it is a function of the speed at which the
force is developed. The term “power required” is generally associated with
reciprocating engines. POWERPLANT— A complete
engine and propeller combination with accessories. PROPELLER LEVER— The
control on a free power turbine turboprop that controls propeller speed and the
selection for propeller feathering PROPELLER SYNCHRONIZATION— A condition in
which all of the propellers have their pitch automatically adjusted to maintain
a constant r.p.m. among all of the engines of a
multiengine aircraft. PROPELLER—A device for propelling an
aircraft that, when rotated, produces by its action on the air, a thrust
approximately perpendicular to its plane of rotation. It includes the control
components normally supplied by its manufacturer. |